If the ball was still moving- even spinning in one spot- it had not met the definition of a ball that had "settled" before passing first or second base. It's entirely possible for a spinning ball to kick away at an odd angle, as it hits a rock or digs into the dirt. I've seen it happen myself. If the ball was touching the foul line when the catcher touched it, fair ball would be the correct call.
If that's what the umpire truly saw and judged, then he made the only call he could make. Maybe his explanation was confusing to you or maybe he explained it poorly. Next time, instead of "jumping out and arguing", why don't you try calmly asking for time before approaching the umpire for an explanation. You're more likely to get a better explanation if you take that approach, as opposed to taking an aggressive, argumentive position.
If this umpire really did (in your opinion) "call everything against you" the rest of the game, that is wrong on his part. No umpire should let a single disputed call influence the calls he makes after that. Of course, we have absolutely no way of knowing if this guy was really jacking you over, or if they were just close calls that didn't happen to go your way that day.
Talking with the other umpire for his input is a valid concept- on some plays. This play probably wasn't one of them.
The ball was six feet from home plate and the plate umpire should have been all over that call- right on top of it. The base umpire is, at minimum, at least 60 feet away AND has the responsibility of watching not just one, but two advancing runners on this play. Asking him for input about the ball being, literally, an inch or two one way or the other is unrealistic. If the plate umpire is sure of what he saw, and given the distance and responsibilities of the base umpire, I can't see any valuable input coming from the base umpire.
I've had a lot of times where a coach will ask me to check with my partner at entirely inappropriate times, not because I was blocked out of the play, screened by a player or obviously missed something. They're just not happy with the call and fishing for a second opinion. In those cases, I don't have any problem just saying, "No", when asked to go for help. And it has nothing to do with "courage".
If a coach convinces me that I have a rule wrong, or that maybe there was something I missed on the play, I don't hesitate to either get help or admit my mistake. Doesn't happen very often, but it has before and probably will again sometime.